A side of the walls of Qalʿat Salah ad-Din

A side of the walls of Qalʿat Salah ad-Din

Machicolations on the wall of Damascus Citadel

Machicolations on the wall of Damascus Citadel

General view of Damascus citadel from northwest

General view of Damascus citadel from northwest

Qalʿat al-Mudiq seen from the ruins of Afamiya

Qalʿat al-Mudiq seen from the ruins of Afamiya

The prayer niche and the pulpit in the middle of the south wall in the prayer hall of the Great Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo

The prayer niche and the pulpit in the middle of the south wall in the prayer hall of the Great Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo

Palmyra, Colonnaded axis and Qalʿat Ibn Mʿan in the back

Palmyra, Colonnaded axis and Qalʿat Ibn Mʿan in the back

Exterior view of Krak des chevaliers (Qalʿat al-Husn)

Exterior view of Krak des chevaliers (Qalʿat al-Husn)

Krak des chevaliers (Qalʿat al-Husn), Gothic vaults

Krak des chevaliers (Qalʿat al-Husn), Gothic vaults

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

Euphrates valley south of Qalʿat Najm as it looked before the flooding of lake Tishrin

Euphrates valley south of Qalʿat Najm as it looked before the flooding of lake Tishrin

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

Ar-Raqqa, view of a side of city wall

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

Raqqa, enclosure wall and arcade of al-Jamiʿ al-ʿAtiq (Great Mosque)

Part of Damascus City Wall to the east of the city

Part of Damascus City Wall to the east of the city

Fortification tower north of the Bab Antakiya, view during the removal of historical annexes

Fortification tower north of the Bab Antakiya, view during the removal of historical annexes

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - one of the wall tower

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – one of the wall tower

Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

Damascus, the eastern part of the city wall near to Bab Kisan

A small pathway in the Ghuta of Damascus

A small pathway in the Ghuta of Damascus

Raqqa - Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall - Columns discovered during excavation

Raqqa – Madinat ar-Rafiqa wall – Columns discovered during excavation

Salah ad-Din Castle, massive castle walls above the vertical rock face

Salah ad-Din Castle, massive castle walls above the vertical rock face

Part of the city wall of ar-Raqqa after the restoration

Part of the city wall of ar-Raqqa after the restoration

Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Mud bricks, prepared for the restoration of ar-Raqqa Wall

Remains of ar-Raqqa Wall built of mud brick

Remains of ar-Raqqa Wall built of mud brick

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Tower north of Bab Antakiya. The inscription indicates a restoration by the Mamluk ruler al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh between 820/1417 and 823/1420

Tower north of Bab Antakiya, a side of the defensive tower after the removal of infringements

Tower north of Bab Antakiya, a side of the defensive tower after the removal of infringements

At-Tabqa , Jaʿbar Castle, Bastion with loopholes.

At-Tabqa , Jaʿbar Castle, Bastion with loopholes.

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

The northern entrance of the historical city of Dura Europos (Qalʿat as-Salihiyya), end of 4th century BC

A general view of the remains of Shayzar Castle

A general view of the remains of Shayzar Castle

At-Tabqa , Minaret of the Mosque at Jaʿbar Castle.

At-Tabqa , Minaret of the Mosque at Jaʿbar Castle.

At-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle , one of the Castle's towers.

At-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle , one of the Castle’s towers.

At-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle, Entrance of a bastion with loopholes

At-Tabqa, Jaʿbar Castle, Entrance of a bastion with loopholes